1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:07,760 --> 00:00:09,600 The night has just begun. 3 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 4 00:00:10,680 --> 00:00:13,360 You are exactly where you want to be. 5 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:18,120 You feel confident, excited and seen. 6 00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:22,680 Finally, you are with people who feel like you. 7 00:00:23,920 --> 00:00:26,960 And for a moment, you forget that you are different. 8 00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:30,680 Tonight, everything is possible. 9 00:00:33,640 --> 00:00:36,520 Berlin is the place where everything is happening. 10 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:38,560 It's the capital of sin. 11 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:43,120 There were 80 to 120 cafes, bars, clubs 12 00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:46,920 that were almost exclusively targeting LGBTQ people. 13 00:00:47,520 --> 00:00:49,920 There are queer and trans people all around. 14 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:54,640 After the Nazis come to power, 15 00:00:54,720 --> 00:01:01,600 we see the worst homophobic persecution in world history. 16 00:01:01,680 --> 00:01:04,440 There are barely any other periods of history 17 00:01:04,520 --> 00:01:05,800 where freedom and oppression 18 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:10,800 are as close to each other as they are in the 1920s and 1930s. 19 00:01:12,040 --> 00:01:16,080 Even today, you can have these liberties and they can be taken away from you. 20 00:01:17,280 --> 00:01:21,320 These people were living the type of life that I live now. 21 00:01:21,400 --> 00:01:23,560 But it's only for a moment. 22 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:28,640 It was a complete calamity for humankind. 23 00:01:28,720 --> 00:01:30,520 And I was a member of that humankind. 24 00:01:32,320 --> 00:01:36,480 ELDORADO EVERYTHING THE NAZIS HATE 25 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:42,120 BERLIN LATE 1920S 26 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:45,560 You are coming up the street in Berlin 27 00:01:45,640 --> 00:01:48,880 and you see a building on the corner 28 00:01:48,960 --> 00:01:52,440 that has a fantastic sign out front. 29 00:01:52,520 --> 00:01:56,120 And it says, "Here It Is Right!" 30 00:02:22,120 --> 00:02:26,760 Of all the nightclubs that we have in the Golden Twenties, 31 00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:29,600 the Eldorado is the most spectacular queer venue. 32 00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:35,520 The Eldorado allows gay men, lesbian women, 33 00:02:35,600 --> 00:02:37,840 trans men and trans women in Berlin 34 00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:42,320 to feel free and experience self-determination for the first time. 35 00:02:44,920 --> 00:02:48,480 One of the people you will meet here is Charlotte Charlaque, 36 00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:52,400 a Jewish American-German intellectual. 37 00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:56,960 She's traveled the world, she's lived in America, in Germany, in France 38 00:02:57,040 --> 00:02:58,600 and is about to become 39 00:02:58,680 --> 00:03:01,040 one of the first people 40 00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:06,160 to undergo sex reassignment surgery in the world. 41 00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,040 In Berlin's nightlife, we see two new faces: 42 00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:23,360 Lisa and Gottfried, a newly married couple in their early twenties, 43 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:27,880 like so many Eldorado guests, they are ready to just drift along, 44 00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:30,960 to discover new things and experience new love. 45 00:03:38,280 --> 00:03:41,720 Lisa, full name Lisa von Dobeneck, 46 00:03:41,800 --> 00:03:45,040 and Gottfried von Cramm have known each other since childhood. 47 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:47,240 They grew up on neighboring estates. 48 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:51,200 Lisa was born in to the Dobeneck family. 49 00:03:51,280 --> 00:03:54,880 They lived 15 kilometers from one of our estates. 50 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:57,560 It was called the "Babylon of Sin" 51 00:03:57,640 --> 00:04:00,920 because it's where we Cramms were free to do anything we wanted. 52 00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:09,440 Lisa and Gottfried wanted to live the high life. 53 00:04:09,520 --> 00:04:12,720 And of course, that's not going to happen in this rural environment. 54 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:15,960 So they're drawn instead to the magnet of wild Berlin. 55 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:24,280 There's also quite a lot of freedom that comes in. 56 00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:26,800 Rights for women are coming through. 57 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:28,720 There's a lifting of censorship 58 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:31,880 and press has much more freedom to print what it likes. 59 00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:36,080 And that creates a whole flourishing of queer print media. 60 00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:38,480 THE GIRLFRIEND WOMEN LOVE 61 00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:42,520 You had specific ones for gay men and for gay women. 62 00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:45,840 And you even had ones that were specific to transvestites. 63 00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:51,320 It's possible to talk now about sex more openly than it had been before. 64 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:52,760 It feels to people 65 00:04:52,840 --> 00:04:56,200 like there's this complete revolution of the sexual order happening. 66 00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:02,520 For the first time, 67 00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:05,920 Lisa and Gottfried discover a world previously unknown to them. 68 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:09,520 And the Eldorado represents this awakening for them there. 69 00:05:29,160 --> 00:05:33,360 So in the middle of this kind of fabulous glittering nightclub, 70 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:34,840 you'd probably be surprised 71 00:05:34,920 --> 00:05:38,160 to meet someone who's on a first-name basis with Adolf Hitler. 72 00:05:39,560 --> 00:05:42,080 This person is named Ernst Röhm, 73 00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:46,320 has horrifying violent, anti-Semitic politics 74 00:05:46,400 --> 00:05:52,640 and is one of the real key strategists and architects of the Nazi rise to power. 75 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:57,480 … with swastika flags blowing all across the Reich today… 76 00:05:57,560 --> 00:06:01,920 Röhm is a fanatical soldier devoted to and in love with war and killing. 77 00:06:02,560 --> 00:06:04,000 And as a pure nationalist, 78 00:06:04,080 --> 00:06:07,120 he never got over Germany's loss of the First World War. 79 00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:14,080 Adolf Hitler and Ernst Röhm 80 00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:17,440 met around 1919 in the right-wing movement, 81 00:06:17,520 --> 00:06:19,680 where they became fast friends 82 00:06:19,760 --> 00:06:23,640 and they maintained a close friendship for years. 83 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:27,360 …to stand strong for all eternity. 84 00:06:27,440 --> 00:06:28,800 They bond over the dream 85 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:32,480 of making the Nazis into a movement capable of taking power. 86 00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:34,320 Which is far away, for now. 87 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:39,520 So Ernst Röhm is gay, 88 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:42,800 is rather careless about being gay, 89 00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:45,560 has many gay lovers and contacts. 90 00:06:46,200 --> 00:06:50,320 His homosexuality is one open secret and something that's gossiped about. 91 00:06:52,920 --> 00:06:56,520 Hitler is likely aware of the rumors about Röhm. 92 00:06:56,600 --> 00:07:00,160 But he seems to prioritize Röhm's potential usefulness to him. 93 00:07:01,040 --> 00:07:03,600 At one point Hitler seems to have been quoted as saying, 94 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:05,520 "His private life does not interest me 95 00:07:05,600 --> 00:07:08,280 as long as he maintains the necessary discretion." 96 00:07:08,840 --> 00:07:12,120 But as we'll see, the necessary discretion was not always maintained. 97 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:22,720 This club attracted 98 00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:25,760 an incredible spectrum of people 99 00:07:25,840 --> 00:07:28,560 in terms of their politics or their world views. 100 00:07:28,640 --> 00:07:31,440 ELDORADO HERE IT IS RIGHT! 101 00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:33,960 What the Eldorado really represents 102 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:37,920 is Berlin's window of queer life to the world. 103 00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:47,960 Some of the queer performers at the Eldorado 104 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:51,960 become really mainstream stars in this period. 105 00:07:52,040 --> 00:07:55,000 And one of them is Claire Waldoff. 106 00:07:55,560 --> 00:07:58,880 Men out of the Reichstag! 107 00:07:58,960 --> 00:08:01,960 And men out of the Landtag 108 00:08:02,040 --> 00:08:05,240 And men out of the manor 109 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:08,320 We'll make it into a women's house 110 00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:11,720 If you showed up to the Eldorado alone, 111 00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:17,080 you needed to pay for a taxi dancer to escort you around the floor. 112 00:08:18,160 --> 00:08:21,880 You can really check out this gender illusion 113 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:25,240 that's so famous about the Eldorado. 114 00:08:30,840 --> 00:08:34,760 One night, Charlotte meets someone like her. 115 00:08:35,920 --> 00:08:40,000 Not only is this person an intellectual like Charlotte, 116 00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:42,840 she's also trans. 117 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:46,640 And her name is Toni Ebel. 118 00:08:49,680 --> 00:08:52,920 Unlike Charlotte, she does not know what to do about this. 119 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:55,320 She's just escaped a terrible marriage. 120 00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:57,320 She's about ten years older. 121 00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:00,400 But the two become inseparable. 122 00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:03,280 These kinds of relationships between trans women 123 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:05,240 are actually really common, 124 00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:09,000 where regardless of what our sexual orientation may be, 125 00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:12,240 we develop these deep sisterhoods 126 00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:16,640 that sometimes cross the line over into being lovers 127 00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:19,240 or life partners. 128 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:21,200 In part this is because 129 00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:24,880 we live in a world where there aren't a lot of people like us. 130 00:09:24,960 --> 00:09:26,840 And so when we meet someone like us, 131 00:09:26,920 --> 00:09:30,200 we form deep family commitments to each other, 132 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:32,200 regardless of what shape that takes. 133 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:39,560 Toni has been trying for many years to live her life as a woman, 134 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:41,520 but she doesn't know where to go. 135 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:43,640 Charlotte Charlaque has the answer. 136 00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:48,720 She introduces Toni to Magnus Hirschfeld. 137 00:09:51,040 --> 00:09:54,640 Magnus Hirschfeld is also a regular at the Eldorado. 138 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:57,040 He loves observing queer life. 139 00:09:57,120 --> 00:10:00,240 He is, in his own right, a celebrity. 140 00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:02,080 Everyone knows who he is. 141 00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:04,520 He's a sexologist. 142 00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:09,640 He's fascinated by studying human sexuality 143 00:10:09,720 --> 00:10:11,280 and gender roles. 144 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:14,880 He fundamentally believes 145 00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:17,640 that gay people and trans people 146 00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:21,960 can achieve liberation and their rights 147 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:25,040 through the tools of science. 148 00:10:27,760 --> 00:10:30,720 He publishes, at a maddening rate, 149 00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:34,000 books, pamphlets, his lectures. 150 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:42,040 He founded the world's first gay rights organization in 1897. 151 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:48,080 On the map of Berlin's queer city life, 152 00:10:48,160 --> 00:10:51,160 there is one focal point for progressive thinking: 153 00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:55,040 Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Science. 154 00:10:56,440 --> 00:11:00,880 There's a museum where you can see things like some frilly panties 155 00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:03,920 that a German soldier wore in World War I. 156 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:06,440 You can find dildos, all kinds of things. 157 00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:10,120 It included space for a range of services for all people 158 00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:13,120 who need counseling about their relationships, 159 00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:18,040 any kind of STD, information on abortion and pregnancy, 160 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:19,560 the list goes on and on. 161 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:23,240 The Institute is also a social place for people. 162 00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:27,280 It was a hub for queer people to go, a kind of a community setting. 163 00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:29,440 Just knowing that the Institute is there 164 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:34,160 is an important piece of information for many in the Berlin community. 165 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:39,280 One of the things that it specializes in 166 00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:43,840 is trans identity and trans treatments available for those 167 00:11:43,920 --> 00:11:47,240 who are struggling with their gender that was assigned at birth. 168 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:57,680 For Ernst Röhm, Magnus Hirschfeld embodies the enemy. 169 00:11:57,760 --> 00:12:00,600 He is Jewish, a social democrat, 170 00:12:00,680 --> 00:12:04,120 and he champions the rights of trans men and women. 171 00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:07,200 Hirschfeld is the opposite of the masculine ideology 172 00:12:07,280 --> 00:12:09,560 that Ernst Röhm publicly supports. 173 00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:15,280 But both men have something in common, they are not openly homosexual. 174 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:17,640 Magnus Hirschfeld knows that being out 175 00:12:17,720 --> 00:12:20,120 would jeopardize his reputation as a scientist. 176 00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:23,880 And Ernst Röhm knows that it would expel him from the Nazi Party. 177 00:12:24,880 --> 00:12:28,640 Ernst Röhm seems to have had an enormous degree of confidence 178 00:12:28,720 --> 00:12:31,040 that his personal friendship with Hitler 179 00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:34,880 and his long personal history with Hitler would protect him. 180 00:12:34,960 --> 00:12:39,040 Both in terms of the public at large and in terms of the Nazi movement. 181 00:12:39,680 --> 00:12:44,080 And this allows him to be quite careless about his private life. 182 00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:50,440 "Dear Dr. Heimsoth." 183 00:12:50,520 --> 00:12:52,400 "Greetings, first of all." 184 00:12:53,120 --> 00:12:56,400 "I can remember a number of same-sex feelings and acts 185 00:12:56,480 --> 00:12:58,440 reaching back to my childhood, 186 00:12:58,520 --> 00:13:00,880 but I have also associated with many women." 187 00:13:00,960 --> 00:13:03,960 "Never, however, to my particular enjoyment." 188 00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:10,320 There's not much evidence of Röhm's interior life. 189 00:13:10,400 --> 00:13:13,640 But we do have one real sort of treasure trove of that. 190 00:13:13,720 --> 00:13:16,680 And it's a series of letters that he wrote to a friend 191 00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:19,160 named Dr. Karl-Günther Heimsoth. 192 00:13:22,160 --> 00:13:24,680 "All women are loathsome to me." 193 00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:27,320 "I am not at all unhappy about my disposition, 194 00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:31,240 even if it has caused me considerable difficulties at times." 195 00:13:31,320 --> 00:13:34,120 "Deep down, I may even be proud of it." 196 00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:35,800 "At least I believe so." 197 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:39,000 And in these letters, 198 00:13:39,080 --> 00:13:42,280 Röhm seems to become more and more confident 199 00:13:42,360 --> 00:13:44,760 in identifying as homosexual. 200 00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:52,360 This is a moment when the idea of sexuality itself, 201 00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:55,200 heterosexuality, homosexuality, whatever, 202 00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:58,840 the idea that a sexuality is a coherent thing that a person has, 203 00:13:59,560 --> 00:14:02,800 is really quite fresh and being developed. 204 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:12,840 But there is also another reality. 205 00:14:12,920 --> 00:14:17,120 After all, not all of Germany consists of big cities. 206 00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:20,240 A large part of the country is rural. 207 00:14:20,320 --> 00:14:22,800 For those in German towns and villages, 208 00:14:22,880 --> 00:14:26,240 what is happening in Berlin and in other major cities is foreign. 209 00:14:26,320 --> 00:14:29,120 They feel intimidated by these rapid changes. 210 00:14:33,640 --> 00:14:34,800 The pace of change 211 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,560 is a source of frustration for just about everybody. 212 00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:42,440 If you're a radical, then change is happening much too slowly for you. 213 00:14:42,960 --> 00:14:45,160 On the other side, if you're a conservative, 214 00:14:45,680 --> 00:14:51,120 you're watching everything that gives your life depth and meaning washed away. 215 00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:55,560 And it's that experience of being threatened by this change 216 00:14:55,640 --> 00:14:59,840 that gives fascists fertile ground in which to spread their poisonous ideas. 217 00:15:02,560 --> 00:15:05,440 We want to school the Germans 218 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:09,800 insofar as that there is no life without law 219 00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:13,520 and that there is no law without power 220 00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:16,840 and there is no power without strength 221 00:15:16,920 --> 00:15:21,160 and that any strength has to be rooted in our own nation! 222 00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:27,320 To me, Hitler sounded like he always sounded when he gave a speech, 223 00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:29,120 like a madman. 224 00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:31,800 The yelling and the things he said. 225 00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:34,720 And of course he talked about Jewish people, yes. 226 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:39,000 It was a horrible thing to listen to. 227 00:15:43,040 --> 00:15:46,920 I didn't concern myself with it any further than that. 228 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:50,280 I was an innocent young man. 229 00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:57,240 I had fallen in love, you see. 230 00:16:05,720 --> 00:16:07,400 We had a villa in Sauerbrunn 231 00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:10,880 where we used to spend all of our summers. 232 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:16,240 And there was someone else who also went there on holiday every year. 233 00:16:17,360 --> 00:16:18,160 Lumpi. 234 00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:21,720 That's how I met him. 235 00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:24,960 He lived in Budapest and I lived in Vienna. 236 00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:30,800 Lumpi and I became friends. 237 00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:33,760 We did everything together. 238 00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:38,640 I loved him. After all, why not? 239 00:16:45,720 --> 00:16:49,040 Sure, we were both Jewish. 240 00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:52,640 But we didn't give it much thought. 241 00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:03,920 We were pretty removed from it all, as one might say. 242 00:17:10,760 --> 00:17:12,960 But there was tension in the air. 243 00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:19,920 Not just in Berlin or in Germany, but everywhere in Europe. 244 00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:34,760 So in 1931, Hitler appoints Röhm to be head of the SA. 245 00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:39,320 The SA is the Nazis' paramilitary. They do the dirty work. 246 00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:42,880 They destabilize democracy, 247 00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:46,840 they fight other people on the street, they beat people up outside events. 248 00:17:48,720 --> 00:17:54,320 Under Röhm, this force would grow to three million members. 249 00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:59,680 That's an enormously important kind of backbone and insurance 250 00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:00,960 for the Nazi movement. 251 00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:07,800 The SA is a really huge part of the Nazis' plan to take control of Germany 252 00:18:07,880 --> 00:18:10,280 and to establish a racially pure empire 253 00:18:10,360 --> 00:18:13,400 free of Jews, free of communists, free of disabled people, 254 00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:16,800 free of Roma and Sinti people and free of queers. 255 00:18:24,920 --> 00:18:26,520 The SA recruited its members 256 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:30,440 mostly among lower class and lower middle-class young men. 257 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:34,120 Because of its relatively low standards for admission, 258 00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:37,720 the SA attracted not only radical nationalists, 259 00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:42,520 but also outsiders, eccentrics and quite a number of criminals. 260 00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:49,480 Karl Ernst is a storm trooper 261 00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:54,320 who Röhm probably meets and recruits 262 00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:57,280 out of this Berlin nightlife world. 263 00:18:57,360 --> 00:18:59,280 And Ernst ends up joining the SA 264 00:18:59,360 --> 00:19:03,680 and becoming a right-hand man of Röhm in the organization. 265 00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:08,880 The storm trooper, Karl Ernst, worked in Berlin, 266 00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:11,640 sometimes as a doorman at gay and lesbian nightclubs, 267 00:19:11,720 --> 00:19:13,560 sometimes as a bellhop. 268 00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:18,000 After joining the SA, Ernst begins to develop his own political ambitions, 269 00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:21,120 even as he's living a gay double life. 270 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:28,520 So if we think about Röhm's life 271 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:32,320 in the military, in these right-wing paramilitaries, 272 00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:37,920 he's someone who creates around himself an entirely single-sex environment. 273 00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:42,720 You're living together, you're showering together. 274 00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,880 You're going out in the streets and beating up Jews and communists together. 275 00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:48,960 And all of this can have 276 00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:52,800 a kind of erotic or sexual charge. 277 00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:55,240 There is this hyper-masculinity. 278 00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:57,720 "We are so much men 279 00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:00,560 that we are actually disgusted by women." 280 00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:02,280 "We don't want to look at them." 281 00:20:02,360 --> 00:20:07,640 "And that doesn't make us effeminate, that makes us even more like men." 282 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:09,320 To the movement! 283 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:34,960 There is one man in the Nazi movement 284 00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:38,120 whom Ernst Röhm underestimated for a long time. 285 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:42,360 That is the Reich Leader of the SS, Heinrich Himmler. 286 00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:48,440 As a young person, Heinrich Himmler was very interested 287 00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:51,680 in this kind of fraternity-based comradery. 288 00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:56,680 But at the same time he always feared the danger in these male friendships 289 00:20:56,760 --> 00:20:59,200 of giving rise to erotic attraction. 290 00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:06,440 At this point in time, Himmler was the leader of the SS, the Schutzstaffel. 291 00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:12,000 The smaller paramilitary SS is below Röhm's much larger SA. 292 00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:14,840 So Röhm and Himmler are competing in some way. 293 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:20,920 To distance himself from the SA, which is widely seen as homosexual, 294 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,560 Himmler plans to forge the SS into an elite organization. 295 00:21:24,640 --> 00:21:28,680 For him, this means that its members should ideally be blond and blue-eyed. 296 00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:31,640 Therefore, Himmler seems to consider physical appearance 297 00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:35,600 as ostensible proof of having "good Aryan blood". 298 00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:51,760 Gottfried von Cramm becomes a star during this time. 299 00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:56,120 After two extremely close games, 300 00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,200 the German champion tears a muscle, 301 00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:01,920 and from then on cannot really beat Ferré. 302 00:22:03,360 --> 00:22:05,920 Gottfried, who started playing at the age of ten, 303 00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:09,720 decides at age 13 that he wants to become the best tennis player in the world. 304 00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:15,040 The moment he gets to Berlin, 305 00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:19,320 he immediately joins this very famous tennis club, "Rot-Weiß". 306 00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,920 And one of its members is Hermann Göring, 307 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,600 the eventual Interior Minister of the Nazi government. 308 00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:32,880 Gottfried is a handsome man, a tall man. 309 00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:35,240 He has blue eyes and blond hair. 310 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:37,560 He embodies the Aryan prototype. 311 00:22:37,640 --> 00:22:43,000 And so early on, he is encouraged to join the ranks of the Nazi Party. 312 00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:47,080 We know that Gottfried refuses, 313 00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:50,280 and of course over the years that becomes more and more of a problem. 314 00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:14,440 Of course we don't know the details of how they initially met. 315 00:23:15,280 --> 00:23:19,920 But what we do know is that Gottfried meets a young man around his own age. 316 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:25,880 This young man he meets is Manasse, Manasse Herbst. 317 00:23:29,840 --> 00:23:33,840 Gottfried and Manasse certainly come from very different worlds. 318 00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:39,280 Manasse comes from a Jewish family in Scheunenviertel. 319 00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:42,480 A poor Berlin neighborhood. 320 00:23:42,560 --> 00:23:47,080 He's an actor, but to make ends meet, he works as a bartender at the Jockey, 321 00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:50,440 a small jazz bar a few blocks from the Eldorado. 322 00:23:52,120 --> 00:23:55,240 Maybe there was a moment of recognition. 323 00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:16,000 But there's also a legal issue that poses a genuine threat to homosexual men: 324 00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:18,000 Paragraph 175. 325 00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,480 FORNICATION BETWEEN PERSONS OF THE MALE SEX IS PUNISHED WITH IMPRISONMENT 326 00:24:22,320 --> 00:24:26,800 This paragraph criminalizes homosexual relations between men. 327 00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:29,080 But it is tricky in practice 328 00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:31,640 since many courts demand proof of sexual acts 329 00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:34,120 to actually be able to apply the law. 330 00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:37,440 And gathering that proof isn't exactly easy for the police. 331 00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,640 Instead of actually busting up bars or conducting raids, 332 00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:47,720 what they do is they maintain "pink lists." 333 00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:53,360 And these are lists of people that they suspect or know to be homosexual. 334 00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:57,600 In many cases, people didn't even know they were on these lists 335 00:24:57,680 --> 00:24:59,720 because they never ended up getting charged. 336 00:24:59,800 --> 00:25:03,640 Eventually, these pink lists ended up including thousands of names. 337 00:25:03,720 --> 00:25:06,120 FIRST NAME: JOSEF CRIMINAL CATEGORY: § 175 338 00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:11,760 But Gottfried is this kind of person who, when he falls in love, 339 00:25:11,840 --> 00:25:12,960 he pursues that love. 340 00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:22,160 Gottfried and Manasse start seeing each other regularly. 341 00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:28,120 Lisa, of course, knows all about it. 342 00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:31,800 There is no secrecy, instead everything is out in the open. 343 00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:38,520 What are you doing? 344 00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:42,920 Come here! Come on! 345 00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:49,080 And now, the three of them start a new type of relationship, 346 00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:52,200 which apparently works well for them. 347 00:26:03,080 --> 00:26:06,360 For Lisa, the move to Berlin is also liberating. 348 00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:08,360 She wants to live independently. 349 00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:11,520 She wants to experience herself and life in a new way. 350 00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:13,360 And she very quickly forms friendships 351 00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:16,000 with the modern women of progressive Berlin. 352 00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:20,640 She socialises with female authors, female athletes and female photographers. 353 00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:24,400 It's important to note that Lisa is also a photographer herself. 354 00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:29,280 She's an avid jazz dancer, she's an avid equestrian. 355 00:26:29,360 --> 00:26:31,720 She plays hockey and even becomes the German champion. 356 00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:38,520 And this stems from a broader movement that began even before the 1920s 357 00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:41,920 where women were freeing themselves from being confined to the home. 358 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:44,280 Freeing themselves from the corset. 359 00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:49,280 So she also has a tough demeanor and is very independent. 360 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:56,400 Relatively quickly, she starts having affairs with her lesbian friends. 361 00:26:56,480 --> 00:27:00,640 She's curious and has a sexual appetite for adventure that she pursues freely. 362 00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:42,960 The relationship between Gottfried and Lisa 363 00:27:43,040 --> 00:27:47,440 by this almost endless trust in each other. 364 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:50,560 That whatever they do, nothing is taboo. 365 00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:02,160 ELECTION CAMPAIGN IN GERMANY 366 00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:04,240 So it's the spring of 1932. 367 00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:06,520 Hitler's running in the presidential election. 368 00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:09,280 The Nazis are running in the Parliamentary election. 369 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:12,480 Shortly before they seize power, 370 00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,280 the Nazis once again significantly increase their tactic of street violence. 371 00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:19,880 There are massive street fights with fatalities. 372 00:28:22,560 --> 00:28:24,520 The purpose behind all of this 373 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:27,600 is to demonstrate the instability of democracy. 374 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:32,880 And they present themselves as the party of law and order 375 00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:36,480 that will restore the nation to security, order and peace, 376 00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:37,880 if they win the election. 377 00:28:40,680 --> 00:28:43,240 TAKE TO THE STREETS! ADOLF HITLER 378 00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:47,360 It isn't really fear 379 00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:50,000 that the German people associate with the Nazis 380 00:28:50,080 --> 00:28:51,120 but hope. 381 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,520 Hope for a reinvigorated Germany 382 00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:57,440 and the promise of a golden future. 383 00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:08,720 Hello, good evening. Can I take your jacket? 384 00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:20,320 So Charlotte, Toni and another woman, 385 00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:23,200 Dorchen Richter, they have their surgeries now. 386 00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:27,680 And they are only three examples that we know 387 00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:30,640 had gender reassignment surgery at the Institute 388 00:29:30,720 --> 00:29:33,360 and survived those surgeries initially. 389 00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:41,360 These surgeries and these different procedures 390 00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:44,280 were incredibly risky, they were very experimental. 391 00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:46,800 These were some of the first times 392 00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:51,880 when multiple surgeries were being performed on humans in history. 393 00:29:56,240 --> 00:29:58,760 People would want to come to this place 394 00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:01,880 precisely because there was no other alternative. 395 00:30:01,960 --> 00:30:04,760 So its renown was global. 396 00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:13,880 Charlotte and Toni must feel a huge amount of relief 397 00:30:13,960 --> 00:30:18,440 that they were able to access surgeries while those surgeries were possible. 398 00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:20,240 Now, having had the surgeries, 399 00:30:20,320 --> 00:30:23,960 they feel much more content in their gender 400 00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:26,240 and more solidified in their femininity. 401 00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:28,040 Charlotte frequently proclaims 402 00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:31,720 that the surgery has made her the happiest she's ever been. 403 00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:45,800 I can't think of another piece of film from this time 404 00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:48,440 where you see not just one trans person, 405 00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:51,080 but multiple trans people together, 406 00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:54,600 really quite happy and joyful. 407 00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:14,640 In Germany at this time, 408 00:31:14,720 --> 00:31:18,960 if one of the drag acts at the Eldorado 409 00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:22,320 walks out the door still in drag, 410 00:31:22,400 --> 00:31:25,840 they can be arrested for causing a public disturbance. 411 00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:36,760 This means that most trans people aren't able to live as themselves 412 00:31:36,840 --> 00:31:39,120 without facing police repression. 413 00:31:41,040 --> 00:31:44,040 Magnus Hirschfeld and the Institute 414 00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:47,760 come up with a negotiated solution with the police, 415 00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:50,480 which is to provide these people 416 00:31:50,560 --> 00:31:53,760 walking papers or the "trans pass." 417 00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:56,840 WORKER, EVA KATTER, IS KNOWN TO WEAR MEN'S CLOTHING 418 00:31:56,920 --> 00:32:01,480 Basically an ID card that indicates to police: 419 00:32:01,560 --> 00:32:05,360 You shouldn't arrest this person because they're under the care of a doctor. 420 00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:08,880 And they are legally entitled to move through the public 421 00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:11,520 dressed as the gender they identify with. 422 00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:23,440 This is the first time in the world 423 00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:27,880 that there's legal recognition for trans people's genders. 424 00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:31,760 And now people like Charlotte and Toni, 425 00:32:31,840 --> 00:32:34,480 they can walk freely, carrying this pass, 426 00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:37,080 without worrying that a policeman is going to stop them 427 00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:39,160 and say, "you're doing something illegal." 428 00:32:42,280 --> 00:32:46,720 Queer and trans people can live in the light, in public. 429 00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:50,400 And it happens right here in Berlin. 430 00:33:10,280 --> 00:33:12,320 A few years later I went to Budapest 431 00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:14,320 for my Easter holiday break. 432 00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:17,800 I stayed with Lumpi, who lived on Andrássy Street. 433 00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:21,640 I don't remember the exact address, it was near the opera. 434 00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:31,360 During that first visit, we were up to so many shenanigans. 435 00:33:38,360 --> 00:33:40,600 They didn't have a real bathroom. 436 00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:44,480 They had what we in Vienna would call a "lavor". 437 00:33:46,880 --> 00:33:49,120 His mom would fill it with water 438 00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:53,400 and put us both, naked, into this makeshift bathtub. 439 00:33:57,560 --> 00:34:02,440 And when Lumpi saw me, he got aroused. 440 00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:07,000 When he saw me naked. I did notice it. 441 00:34:07,080 --> 00:34:12,080 But we didn't touch each other or do anything sexual. 442 00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:16,320 But I was always very flustered. 443 00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:34,520 In the early 30s, 444 00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:37,800 Hitler tries to come to power through legal means 445 00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:41,680 by using as much propaganda as possible to get people's votes. 446 00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:46,040 His goal is to take over parliament to then destroy it from within. 447 00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:50,480 The Nazis' biggest enemies 448 00:34:50,560 --> 00:34:53,360 in some sense are the social democrats and the communists. 449 00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:59,600 And the social democrats need to come up with a campaign, 450 00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:04,920 something to do to try to stop the Nazis from coming to power. 451 00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:27,160 CUPID IN THE BROWN HOUSE 452 00:35:27,240 --> 00:35:29,800 RÖHM APPROVES THE SA PARADE 453 00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,920 Social democratic journalists get their hands on copies 454 00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:37,440 of Röhm's letters to Dr. Heimsoth 455 00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:41,720 and publish what they call "the love letters of Ernst Röhm." 456 00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:44,800 "Revelations about Hitler's chief mercenary." 457 00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:49,920 "The Welt am Sonntag paper is publishing a letter by Lieutenant Colonel Röhm…" 458 00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:55,040 An enormous scandal is made of this. 459 00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:58,680 The social democrats really think that they have their silver bullet here 460 00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:02,040 that's going to help them win back some elements of this base. 461 00:36:06,240 --> 00:36:09,160 In March of 1932, as the scandal is breaking, 462 00:36:09,240 --> 00:36:12,400 Hitler gets 30 percent of the vote in the presidential election, 463 00:36:12,480 --> 00:36:14,120 which is a whole lot. 464 00:36:14,720 --> 00:36:19,760 In July of 1932, after the scandal has been raging for a few months, 465 00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:22,360 he gets 37 percent of the vote. 466 00:36:22,440 --> 00:36:24,520 And so you can see, the scandal didn't work. 467 00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:28,640 It's kind of a failed political tactic. 468 00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:32,480 Same sex! 469 00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:33,720 I think if you're Röhm, 470 00:36:34,560 --> 00:36:37,680 when this breaks in the newspapers, you're probably terrified. 471 00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:41,320 When it doesn't have an effect 472 00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:45,880 and the Party still cruises to this victory in the elections, its first ever, 473 00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:48,160 you feel vindicated. 474 00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:52,280 And even more importantly, you feel really unstoppable. 475 00:37:46,760 --> 00:37:47,760 Germans, 476 00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:53,080 fellow members of the German Nation. 477 00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:56,480 On January 30th, 478 00:37:57,400 --> 00:38:00,120 the die has been cast in Germany. 479 00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:03,040 And I do not believe 480 00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:09,560 that the enemies who were laughing back then are still laughing today. 481 00:38:13,520 --> 00:38:14,360 Sieg! 482 00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:15,520 Heil! 483 00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:17,880 -Sieg! -Heil! 484 00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:23,400 On January 30th, 1933, Hitler is appointed chancellor. 485 00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:30,920 REICH CHANCELLOR HITLER! 486 00:38:38,480 --> 00:38:41,800 Hitler becomes the Führer of his totalitarian regime. 487 00:39:09,760 --> 00:39:12,040 There is no place in Nazi ideology 488 00:39:12,120 --> 00:39:14,680 for self-determination or individuality. 489 00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:20,320 Instead everything and everyone is in service of the bigger picture. 490 00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:23,360 Every individual within this national community 491 00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:25,760 has to defer to a higher purpose. 492 00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:33,840 The Nazis are enormously invested 493 00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:37,920 in ideas of racial and social and sexual health and hygiene. 494 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:41,680 And that, of course, means producing racially pure and healthy babies. 495 00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:44,760 Anything that gets in the way of growing the population 496 00:39:44,840 --> 00:39:47,000 is bad and a threat to the nation. 497 00:40:00,840 --> 00:40:02,880 Shortly before the Nazis seize power, 498 00:40:02,960 --> 00:40:04,600 the Eldorado shuts down. 499 00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:08,120 No farewells, no send-off. 500 00:40:10,480 --> 00:40:15,120 And the queer community loses one of its most important hubs. 501 00:40:25,480 --> 00:40:28,640 A lot of the people that were employed by the Eldorado 502 00:40:28,720 --> 00:40:31,160 had a lot of their protections taken away from them 503 00:40:31,240 --> 00:40:32,960 as well as job opportunities. 504 00:40:36,760 --> 00:40:40,160 And then, the situation goes from bad to worse. 505 00:40:40,240 --> 00:40:43,800 The Nazis start using the Eldorado as an advertising space. 506 00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:48,640 ELDORADO HERE IT IS RIGHT! 507 00:40:48,720 --> 00:40:50,640 VOTE FOR HITLER - LIST 1 508 00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:53,440 It must have caused people's blood to run cold 509 00:40:53,520 --> 00:40:57,920 to think that you could go so far in the extreme opposite direction 510 00:40:58,000 --> 00:40:59,600 in the same building. 511 00:40:59,680 --> 00:41:01,520 The Eldorado is closed 512 00:41:02,240 --> 00:41:07,760 and all of the social spaces that had flourished for ten years before, 513 00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:10,000 disappear almost overnight. 514 00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:13,400 People are still queer but they haven't got the same kind of venues 515 00:41:13,480 --> 00:41:15,000 where they can meet with each other. 516 00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:18,200 They have to do this in a much more secretive way. 517 00:41:37,120 --> 00:41:38,360 In 1933, 518 00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:42,680 the life that Gottfried and Manasse had been leading changes drastically. 519 00:41:46,520 --> 00:41:50,480 Manasse very quickly loses all his theater bookings. 520 00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:54,840 Because he is Jewish, he's no longer allowed to work in the theater. 521 00:41:54,920 --> 00:41:57,680 He realizes right away that he is no longer safe in Germany. 522 00:42:01,480 --> 00:42:04,760 Everyone is aware of how quickly the situation is escalating. 523 00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:11,600 Now, a question looms over the relationship: 524 00:42:11,680 --> 00:42:14,040 how they can get Manasse out of Germany safely? 525 00:42:16,680 --> 00:42:18,720 But Gottfried still wants to play tennis. 526 00:42:21,280 --> 00:42:24,960 And if that means he has to play tennis for Nazi Germany, 527 00:42:25,040 --> 00:42:26,680 then so be it. 528 00:42:29,640 --> 00:42:31,520 The pressure is mounting. 529 00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:34,840 He is in a romantic relationship with a gay Jewish man, 530 00:42:34,920 --> 00:42:39,000 but at the same time his popularity is growing both at home, 531 00:42:39,080 --> 00:42:40,240 and abroad. 532 00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:44,920 And maybe he's thinking that as long as he can keep on winning, 533 00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:47,480 the Nazi regime can't touch him. 534 00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:54,320 So Gottfried plays for Germany because there really is no other option. 535 00:43:06,160 --> 00:43:09,760 Despite the Nazis having already come into power in '33, 536 00:43:09,840 --> 00:43:13,880 Charlotte and Toni felt comfortable going outside, 537 00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:16,040 presenting themselves on the street, 538 00:43:16,120 --> 00:43:17,840 having photographs taken 539 00:43:17,920 --> 00:43:22,080 and even talking to a journalist really openly about themselves. 540 00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:29,720 Everything seems to be okay. 541 00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:32,040 You could still go to the Institute… 542 00:43:32,880 --> 00:43:37,000 Charlotte is deeply enmeshed within Hirschfeld and his circle. 543 00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:42,880 She provides advice to new trans people 544 00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:45,560 who don't even know how to pick out dresses. 545 00:43:45,640 --> 00:43:48,560 She helps people get access to housing. 546 00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:53,400 Charlotte and Toni are finally living lives 547 00:43:53,480 --> 00:43:56,640 and not just completing a medical process. 548 00:44:01,720 --> 00:44:05,280 Magnus Hirschfeld meanwhile is touring the world. 549 00:44:10,240 --> 00:44:13,360 Although he can't make public appearances in Germany anymore, 550 00:44:13,440 --> 00:44:15,600 he's still being celebrated abroad. 551 00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:18,920 He's already notorious 552 00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:22,720 for being the Jew who's effeminizing Germany 553 00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:25,880 and seducing the youth into homosexuality. 554 00:44:25,960 --> 00:44:29,640 So he's really Nazi enemy number one. 555 00:44:31,760 --> 00:44:34,760 Charlotte and Toni are 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